The Winter Vacation Land

Henry Flagler, a billionaire partner of John D. Rockefeller, visited St. Augustine, Florida in 1883 and was at once captivated by its beauty and discouraged by the poor quality of its hotels and transportation facilities. So he decided to build a railway on the east coast of Florida, essentially completing it by 1912.

Click image to download a 29.3-MB PDF of this 48-page booklet from the Touchton Map Library, Tampa Bay History Center.

As the railway progressed south, he built a series of grand hotels, from the Ponce de Leon in St. Augustine to the Royal Palm in Miami. Together, the hotels and Florida East Coast Railway were known as the Flagler System. Continue reading

The New York-Florida Corridor

In the turn-of-the-20th-century corridors we’ve examined to date — New York-Chicago, Chicago-Los Angeles, Chicago-Seattle, and Chicago-Twin Cities — a large share of the passengers were traveling for business. In the Florida corridor, however, most travel was for pleasure.

This 1906 booklet, which is from archive.org, describes the high-class resorts people could enjoy in Florida. Much of the booklet consists of fold-out pages which archive.org had incorrectly laid out in the PDF it has posted on line. I am pretty sure I fixed that problem. Click image to download a 13.9-MB PDF of this 36-page booklet.

Another difference between this and most of the other corridors I’ve examined is that the railroads serving Florida were mostly amalgamations of other smaller rail lines. While there were a few powerful railroad owners who influenced the region, there were no heroic construction sagas like the First Transcontinental Railroad or the First Transcontinental Railroad to be built without government subsidies (i.e., the Great Northern). Continue reading

The Paradox of Superpowered Passenger Trains

The 19th-century timetables recently presented here revealed that passenger train speeds in the 1870s averaged about 18 miles per hour including stops. Two decades later, the New York Central was running a passenger train that averaged more than 50 miles per hour including stops.


In 1924, Great Northern put the New Oriental Limited on display in Chicago alongside of its oldest train, the William Crooks and two passenger cars from the 1860s. Click image for a much larger (7.3-MB) view. Click here for a beautiful colorized version of this photo by Mike Savad.

The Empire State Express was exceptional. The fastest trains on most routes around the turn of the century averaged about 30 to 35 mph, but that’s still close to double the speed of trains in the 1870s. This growth in speeds was partly due to faster, more powerful locomotives but also to the introduction of limited trains that made fewer stops. Continue reading

The Fast and Furious Mail

The first railway post office car began operating in 1862 on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, a predecessor of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. In 1884, the Post Office Department decided it needed a fast-mail service between the east and west coasts.

This article about the St. Paul road’s fast mail trains is from the April, 1905 issue of The World Today. Click image to download a 4.9-MB PDF of the complete article. Click here to download the complete volume of 1905 issues of that periodical (106-MB PDF).

Getting the contract to carry the mail could be prestigious, because it meant that the post office believed a railroad was both fast and reliable. But it could also be a pain. On one hand, the federal government demanded a discount to compensate it for all of the assistance it had provided the railroads — even from railroads that had received no federal assistance. On the other hand, the Post Office demanded that its mail trains be given priority over all other trains. Continue reading

The First Name in the North-West

The Chicago-Twin Cities corridor was served by a remarkable number of railroads. In addition to the St. Paul, North Western, and Burlington, the Wisconsin Central (later Soo Line), Minneapolis & St. Louis, Chicago Great Western, and Rock Island all attempted to compete in this corridor. In the earliest years, however, it was just the St. Paul and Chicago & North Western.


This Detroit Publishing photo of a “North Western Line” train pulled by an Omaha road locomotive is probably the North-Western Limited as that was the only train with a buffet car on the Chicago-Minneapolis line. Built by Schenectady in 1898, the F-8 class locomotive has 73″ drivers and produced nearly 19,200 pounds of tractive effort. Click image for a larger view..

Although the St. Paul road was the first to connect St. Paul with Milwaukee and Chicago, it didn’t have a monopoly for long. While the Milwaukee & St. Paul was building to St. Paul, the Chicago & North Western was building across southern Wisconsin and Minnesota with an eye towards the gold fields of South Dakota. Meanwhile, another company called the West Wisconsin Railway built a line from St. Paul to Elroy, Wisconsin, where it connected with the C&NW. The West Wisconsin route arrived in St. Paul only a few months after the Milwaukee & St. Paul. Continue reading

St. Paul and the Pioneer Limited

In 1862, the first steam locomotive in Minnesota arrived in St. Paul, then a bustling frontier town of about 12,000 people. But the locomotive didn’t arrive by rail. Thanks to St. Anthony Falls, which were 16 to 20 feet high, St. Paul was the head of navigation on the Mississippi River, so the first locomotive was delivered by steamboat. That locomotive, the William Crooks, helped build the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, the forerunner of the Great Northern.


The Milwaukee & Mississippi was one of the predecessors of the Milwaukee & St. Paul. This locomotive was pictured in about 1860, the year before the M&M went bankrupt. It was absorbed by the Milwaukee & St. Paul in 1863. Click image for a larger view.

The first railroad to connect St. Paul with the rest of the nation’s rail network was the Milwaukee & St. Paul, which completed rails between its two namesake cities in 1872. Also in 1872, it purchased the St. Paul & Chicago Railroad, giving it a connection to the latter city. By June, 1874, it had added the word “Chicago” to its name. In that year, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul passenger trains took about 22 hours to travel between Chicago and St. Paul, for average speeds of about 18 miles per hour. Continue reading

Substituting Luxury for Speed

In April, 1900, the fastest Burlington and Union Pacific Chicago-Denver trains were speeded up to about 27-1/2 hours. That was a big improvement over 1890, when the fastest trains were over 30 hours, and an even bigger improvement over 1882, when the fastest were over 45 hours.

Click image to download a 252-KB PDF of this postcard.

For some reason, however, these improvements stopped almost until the age of streamliners. In 1930, the fastest trains were still about 27-1/2 hours. In 1935, Burlington’s fastest eastbound train took 25-1/2 hours, but the westbound train still took 27-3/4 hours. Continue reading

What’s in a Name?

As the 20th century opened, Burlington’s train #1 was a stiff competitor, offering speed and comfort, if not exclusivity, in the Chicago-Denver corridor. One thing it didn’t have was an evocative name. Despite the Denver Post and William Henry Jackson calling train #6 the “Chicago Special,” neither the official guides nor Burlington’s own timetables nor any Burlington advertising I’ve been able to find used that or any other name for its any of its Chicago-Denver trains until late 1909.

Unfortunately, the impact of this ad in the July, 1902 Official Guide was somewhat offset by the many times the typesetter confused “e” and “o.” Click image for a larger view.

When Burlington finally did start naming its Denver trains in its timetables, the names weren’t very original: westbound train #1 became the Denver Limited, train #9 was the Colorado Limited, and #3 was the Overland Express, all of which were similar to names already used by Union Pacific. Eastbound, train #10 (counterpart to #1) was the Atlantic Coast Limited; train #6 (counterpart to #9) was the Chicago Limited (an upgrade from Chicago Special); and train #2 was the Overland Express. Again, these names weren’t very original. Wikipedia says at least a dozen railroads had a train called the Chicago Limited, and Burlington itself had at least three, with the other two heading to Chicago from Minneapolis and Kansas City. Continue reading

The Handsomest Train Ever Seen in Denver

“The handsomest train ever seen in Denver steamed out of the Union Depot at 1:40 o’clock yesterday afternoon and disappeared down the tracks toward the east,” reported the Denver Post on May 4, 1899. “It was the first of a new service inaugurated today by the Burlington and will be known on the time cards as the Chicago Special.” According to the Post, the train consisted of five cars: a Pullman sleeper, two coaches, a baggage car, and a “composite” car that included a library and buffet.


This colorized photograph by William Henry Jackson is supposed to be of the Burlington Route’s Chicago Special. The train looks similar to the one described in the Post article with the addition of one more car, possibly a diner. The locomotive is a 2-6-0, which is an unusual choice for a passenger train. Built in 1899, the loco had 64″ drivers and almost 25,000 pounds of tractive effort. This must have been enough for Burlington’s train #6, which in 1899 took 29 hours and 35 minutes from Denver to Chicago, averaging 35 mph. Click image for a larger view of this photo from the Library of Congress.

The Post didn’t say so, but according to the Official Guide the train also included a diner. The Official Guide says the train started operating in April and doesn’t refer to the name Chicago Special or any other name. In fact, the train, which was designated #6, had been operating on the same schedule for about a year, and the only thing really new in April 1899 was the library-buffet car. Nevertheless, I am sure Burlington appreciated the publicity as the Chicago-Denver route was the railroad’s longest and one of its most heavily contested routes. Continue reading

Take Union Pacific to the Pendleton Round-Up

The Pendleton Round-Up is one of the largest rodeos held in the western United States. It first took place in 1910, just a few years after Sam Jackson, owner of the Pendleton East Oregonian newspaper, had taken over the floundering Portland Evening Journal, which he renamed the Oregon Journal.


Click image to download a 1.1-MB PDF of this menu.

Jackson saw the round-up as an opportunity to bring the two cities his newspapers served closer together, so starting in 1912 he had the Journal charter a Union Pacific train of sleeping cars and a diner to both take Portlanders to the rodeo and also provide food and sleeping quarters while they were there. With thousands of people attending the round-up each year, local hotels were totally booked so the Let ‘Er Buck Special was welcomed by people in both cities. Continue reading