The Economics of Ocean Liners

Canadian Pacific’s first Empress of Japan made its first revenue voyage in April, 1891, and its last one in July, 1922, thus providing more than 31 years of service during which it made 315 trans-Pacific trips. During two of those years, it had been requisitioned by the British Admiralty during World War I, and were it not for the war it probably would have made about 20 more Pacific trips.

Click image to view and download a 22.0-MB PDF of this booklet on the history of Canadian Pacific ships through 1961 from the University of British Columbia Chung collection.

Yet the longevity of the Empress of Japan was unusual. The average empress ship built new for the Canadian Pacific served that company for fewer than 18 years. When counting all passenger ocean liners built for Canadian Pacific, the average service life was less than 15 years. Many made fewer than 100 revenue voyages before being wrecked or impressed into military service and sunk by some enemy torpedo. Continue reading

Man of War and Balloon Menus

Here are two more menus from the transportation history series that we haven’t seen before. The first shows an 18th-century man-of-war ship. It was used on the Empress of Canada in August, 1965.

Click image to view and download a 1.4-MB PDF of this menu from the University of British Columbia Chung collection.

The menu still offers an 11- or 12-course meal, but the number of items in each course has been greatly reduced. The 1962 and 1963 menus took both inside pages to list these items. This one needs only one, with the other one offering a dinner suggestion and and suggested wines. There are four appetizers instead of 10, two entrées instead of three, and so forth. There is also no sorbet between entrées for cleansing the palette; passengers would have to drink water or wine to do that. Continue reading

George Stephenson’s Rocket

The tracks that the Puffing Billy operated on passed in front of George Stephenson’s boyhood home, which still exists as a national historic site. I bicycled by this house once and took a tour before enjoying hot chocolate and scones. Known today as the father of railways for his many inventions, Stephenson was 32 years old when Puffing Billy was built and no longer lived in that house, but it is said that he was influenced by it when he designed his own locomotives in the 1820s.

Click image to download a 1.8-MB PDF of this menu or click here to view and download a 6.0-MB PDF of the menu from the Chung collection.

George Stephenson’s son, Robert, was also a railway engineer, and he designed — probably with the help of his father — the 1829 Rocket, which Canadian Pacific featured on today’s empress menu cover. Unlike the Puffing Billy, the Rocket could go 20 miles per hour, and in fact was clocked at 30 miles per hour traveling light. Continue reading

The Penny-Farthing Breakfast Menu

This menu clearly has the same theme of historic transportation devices as the ones shown in the past several days, but it is a breakfast card instead of a dinner folder. The penny-farthing or high-wheeler bicycle was briefly popular before the modern safety bicycle, whose wheels are usually the same size and chain driven. Since then, the image of the penny-farthing, with its disproportionately large front wheel, has become the epitome of obsolete transportation.

Click image to download a 259-KB PDF of this menu.

For breakfast, passengers had a choice of 12 different fruits, four juices, and five fruit compotes. Then there were two soups, ten cereals, two kinds of fish, and a variety of eggs and meats. Buckwheat cakes (with or without raisins), waffles, French toast, nine kinds of bread or toast, four pastries, and coffee, tea, cold or hot chocolate, or “yogourt” round out the menu. This menu was dated August 20; passengers to Quebec would disembark that day, while passengers to Montreal remained on board for one more night.

Puffing Billy Dinner Menu

According to Wikipedia, “Puffing Billy is the world’s oldest surviving steam locomotive,” having been built in 1813. The back of this menu notes that, “In the early days of railways, . . . a rate of twenty miles an hour seemed progress indeed.” However, Puffing Billy, which replaced horses for hauling coal, could only go about 5 mph.

Click image to download a 563-KB PDF of this menu.

When built, the engine was too heavy for its tracks, which were iron plates rather than rails, so the builder, William Hedley, added two more axles to distribute the weight. When the plates were replaced with rails in around 1830, the extra axles were removed. The locomotive had a remarkably long life, working until 1862. It now resides in the London Science Museum. Continue reading

Silver Nef Dinner Menu

We’ve seen this menu cover before but I’m presenting it again because this one is from the same voyage of the Empress of Canada as yesterday’s menu. This one is dated August 17, which would have been the fourth night out from Liverpool.

Click image to download a 517-KB PDF of this menu.

The menu is structured the same as yesterdays, with each course named, but of course many of the items are different. Yesterday’s fish were halibut and plaice; this one’s are brill and scallops. Yesterday’s entrées were veal Milanaise, stuffed tomatoes, and apple fritters; today’s are veal Marengo, omelettes, and banana fritters. The releve is roast turkey on both menus, but that’s probably because these meals were three days apart; something other than turkey would have been offered on at least some of the other days.

Leonardo daVinci’s Flying Machine

In about 1961 Canadian Pacific began using a series of menus featuring historic transportation technologies. Today’s menu shows an artist’s conception of a flying machine designed by Leonardo daVinci in about 1486.

Click image to download a 500-KB PDF of this menu.

To make the machine fly, the back of the menu notes, the operator would have to work both arms and legs to make the wings flap. “The contrast with Canadian Pacific Airlines is extreme,” comments the menu. “Comfort and serenity are our speciality,” it adds, thus undermining its own ocean liner system. Continue reading

Samuel Johnson Dinner Menu

We’ve previously seen Canadian Pacific Empress menus from 1957 celebrating British artists such as Shakespeare, John Constable, and Robert Burns. Here are another menu in the same series that was collected by Vancouver Canadian Pacific fan Wallace Chung.

Click image to view and download a PDF of this menu from the University of British Columbia Chung collection.

The 1961 menu presents 18th-century writer and dictionary-maker Samuel Johnson. Although Johnson was well-known in his time as the author of books and articles about politics, travel, and poets such as Shakespeare, he is best known today for his 1755 dictionary, which may be the most influential in English history. Continue reading

Gala Dinner

I’ve previously noted that ocean liner operations alleviated boredom by using any possible excuse for a party, and when there were no excuses, they had a party anyway. Each trans-Atlantic crossing on Canadian Pacific steamships had at least one gala dinner, with possibly more festive music than usual and opportunities for dancing. At a time when people normally dressed up for travel anyway, passengers were expected to dress up even fancier than other nights, with tuxedos if possible and at least suits and ties for the men and ball gowns for the women.

Click image to view and download a 2.5-MB PDF of this menu from the Chung collection.

This 1960 menu from the Chung collection has a die-cut front, so that the dark grey above the balloons and funnel is actually on page 3. The cover was painted by the mysterious Lendon, about whom I can find no information. Continue reading

Canadian Pacific September 1955 Timetable

Canadian Pacific timetables included schedules of its steamships as well as its trains. The company’s newest ship, the third Empress of Britain, is featured in a Chesley Bonestell painting on the inside front cover. Trans-Atlantic ocean liner schedules on page 59 show that it would go into service in April 1956, joining the Empress of France and Empress of Scotland and replacing the Empress of Australia.

Click image to download a 44.4-MB PDF of this 68-page timetable.

British Columbia coastal steamship services are shown on pages 48 and 49. Services to Skagway and Port Angeles, Washington were suspended for the winter, but CP still offered weekly service from Vancouver to Ketchikan. CP offered nine trips a day on the 41-mile trip between Vancouver and Nanaimo, but only two a day on the 83-mile trip between Vancouver and Victoria. The daylight trip to Victoria took 5-1/2 hours, but an overnight trip managed to fill seven hours. Continue reading