Leland Knickerbocker & Early GM Styling

Bern Hill has sometimes been listed as a General Motors artist. Of course, he never worked directly for General Motors; he worked for the Kudner advertising agency. But General Motors did have its own artists who worked for a department called the Art and Color Section. This department opened in 1927 and was headed by Harley Earl, who up to then had been designing custom automobiles for movie stars.


Dated March 28, 1935, this early locomotive design was painted by Paul Meyer. All of the images in today’s post were graciously made available by Greg Palumbo. Click image for a larger view; click here to download a 7.0-MB PDF containing all of the GM styling images in this post.

After Ralph Budd persuaded GM that its Diesel engines could power railroad locomotives, an important question was: what would such locomotives look like? To help answer this question, GM subsidiary Electro-Motive Company paid the Art & Color Section $55,000 a year for two of its artists: Leland Knickerbocker and Paul Meyer. Although EMC would locate in La Grange, Illinois, it appears that Knickerbocker and Meyer remained in Detroit. Continue reading

The Story of the Locomotive Diesel

In addition to images by Bern Hill, Greg Palumbo was nice enough to provide Streamliner Memories readers a number of booklets and other images from General Motors’ locomotive past. This particular booklet is a speech made by GM President Harlow Curtice (who, it seems likely, was one of the defenders of Bern Hill’s work) about this history of the Diesel locomotive.

Click image to download a 1.8-MB PDF of this 16-page booklet.

Curtice gives credit where credit is due, making Burlington President Ralph Budd the hero of the story. It was in 1932, says Curtice, that Budd first conceived of a lightweight, stainless steel train, air conditioned to allow high speeds without people needing to open windows on hot days, and powered by Diesels. But when Budd approached Charles Kettering, GM’s research director who had overseen the development of a two-stroke Diesel that was much lighter in weight than conventional four-stroke Diesels, Kettering “wouldn’t dare sell him an engine; he wasn’t even sure it would run.” Continue reading

Were These Covers by Bern Hill?

About a dozen Railway Age covers after 1953 are unsigned and cannot definitely be attributed to Bern Hill by another criteria. Here, I’m going to look at these covers to see if they look like Hill’s style or that of another artist.

Click image to download a 1.9-MB PDF of this magazine cover.

This Southern Pacific locomotive looks more like Kenny’s style than Hill’s. This painting has some detailed features that Hill tended to smooth over, as shown in the March 29 1954 Milwaukee Road painting, so I’d consider it unlikely to be done by Hill. Continue reading

Railway Age Covers by Other Artists

In 1954 through 1956, Kudner commissioned several artists addition to Bern Hill and Ralph Brillhart to paint GM locomotives to use for Railway Age covers. I’ll present as many as I can from either Greg Palumbo’s collection or from Google scans. Google scanned some issues only in black-and-white, and I’ll skip those but provide links to the issues.

Click image to download a 1.9-MB PDF of this magazine cover.

This Illinois Central passenger train led by an E-9 locomotive was painted by someone named Kenny. That may refer to John Kenny, who co-founded the New York City High School of Art and Design. He also worked as an architect for the New York Central. However, John Kenny was principally known as a ceramist so this may have been painted by a different Kenny. Continue reading

Ralph Brillhart’s Railway Age Covers

In the 1960s through the 1980s, Ralph Brillhart became known for painting spacemen and aliens for covers of science fiction books. But before that, he painted at least eleven pictures of General Motors locomotives for Kudner to place on the covers of Railway Age. Today I’m presenting ten for which Greg Palumbo has high-resolution images.

Click image to download a 2.2-MB PDF of this magazine cover. Click here to download a 8.6-MB higher resolution PDF of this cover.

The first cover art signed “Brillhart” was in the landscape format. Later ones would be in portrait format. Continue reading

Bern Hill’s 1955 and 1956 Covers

In 1955, General Motors had 20 cover ads in Railway Age, but only three are clearly attributable to Hill. Ten were done by an artist named Ralph Brillhart and one was by an artist named Herb Mott. The Christmas cover was by Stan Ekman. I’ll cover these artists in future posts.

All of today’s images are from the Palumbo collection. Click image to download a 2.3-MB PDF of this magazine cover. Click here to download a 9.3-MB higher resolution PDF of this cover.

That leaves five covers whose artwork has no signature. Hill may have done some of those, and I’ll examine that more in a future post. Continue reading

Bern Hill’s 1954 Covers

As a further rejection of Hill’s painting style, 1954 saw General Motors ads retreat to the area below the Railway Age masthead. The paintings that fit into this area were landscape style (wider than tall) and occupied less than half the area of Hill’s previous paintings.

Click image to download a 1.4-MB PDF of this magazine cover.

Despite the size restrictions, Hill managed to make this into an action shot with the locomotive leaning forward as if it were photographed with a focal plane shutter. His signature is near the lower left corner of the painting. Continue reading

Bern Hill’s 1953 Covers

Seeing his paintings made into a series of at least 30 posters must have been a heady experience for Bern Hill. Yet his output experienced a major decline in 1953, with just seven covers on Railway Age, or eight if he did the Christmas cover.

All images are from the Palumbo collection. Click image to download a 2.1-MB PDF of this magazine cover. Click here to download an 11.1-MB higher-resolution PDF of this image.

Over the course of the year, Hill’s paintings moved away from the grandiose landscapes that dwarfed the trains to more traditional advertising images focusing on the locomotives themselves. The last two paintings of the year were hardly different from the ones GM was using before 1950. Continue reading

Bern Hill Posters 5

If Bern Hill did 46 paintings for General Motors before the end of 1952, why did GM only print posters for 31 of them? Greg Palumbo suggests that “the posters were limited to customers who were either going to or had recently ordered locomotives.”

This image is from the Palumbo collection. Click image to download a 6.8-MB PDF of this poster.

This might explain why the Union Pacific painting didn’t make the cut. At least for freight, UP was a reluctant adaptor of Diesels, preferring its Big Boys and other steam and, in 1952, beginning its experiments with gas turbines built by Alco and General Electric. Continue reading

Bern Hill Posters 4

I’ve shown these posters before, but I’m including them here because some of them are in higher resolutions than the ones I’ve shown before and the others are for the sake of having a complete set available on line in a few posts. All of these images are from Greg Palumbo’s collection.

Click image to download a 6.8-MB PDF of this poster.

The colors in this one were difficult because the magazine cover leans towards blue while the poster images I’ve seen lean toward green. This one leans to green. Continue reading